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asteroids.

In 1920, K. Hirayama noted that some asteroids had some of their orbital elements grouped in the family. A family comprising a main asteroid which gives its name and a tag associated with much smaller asteroids. For example, the family associated to 8 Flora (160 km) is the most popular and populated as it is known more than 400 members, the family of 24 Themis (200 km) has 150 members, of which three are over 100 km . as 90 Antiope, 268 Adorea, 171 Ophelia.
At the orbit of Jupiter, about Langraje points, one at 60 ° before the gas giant and the other at 60 degrees behind it, is a group of asteroids called Greeks and Trojans each other.
If a diagram is represented in abundance asteroid as a function of distance from the Sun, is that the distribution is discontinuous, gaps or voids exist asteroid, caused by the gravitational action of Jupiter. These gaps or sparsely populated regions of called "Kirtwood Lagoons." The classic explanation is that the attraction of Jupiter eliminates the effect of resonance orbits whose period is a rational fraction of theirs. For example, objects that have a semi-major axis of 2.50 AU, run three laps around the sun at the same time that Jupiter runs a twist: the resonance 3 / 1, other resonances are 2 / 1, 3 / 2. The farther away from the main belt stabilizer is more resonance.
Today know one small asteroids whose orbits are very close to Earth's orbit at high speed, are called "Aten-Apollo-Amor" and distinguished into several categories:
1) The bodies whose orbits pass close to the planet Mars and the asteroid Hungaria.
2) objects whose perihelion is closer to the Sun than Mars, often called "Mars-crossers." These are subdivided into four subsets:
2.1) Those who do not come to less than 1.20 AU from the Sun
2.2) Those that pass near the Earth but not deep into Earth's orbit, its prototype is 2.3
Love 1221 ) Those who enter the Earth's orbit and have a longer period a year. Its prototype is 1862 Apollo.
2.4) Same as 2.3 but with an orbital period less than one year. Typical example: 2062 Aten.
must know that 75% of the asteroids are concentrated in the zodiac (defined as a band of apparent width 15 ° centered on the ecliptic). Most of them are too weak to be detected by an amateur telescope, only a few, the brightest, m can be realized. For this, consult the ephemeris of astronomical journals and astronomy software.

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ASTRONOMY COURSE initiation to (39)

asteroids.

The conjunbto asterioides constitute a large and heterogeneous, small stars, also called minor planets, irregularly shaped, which orbits around the Sun, most of whom are between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter in the so-called main belt. An asteroid is a small rocky body orbiting the Sun with a diameter of less than 1000 km.
The first asteroids were discovered by chance, when engaged in finding the missing planet by looking between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Only 10% of them have a considerable size, such as the greatest of all and the first to be discovered on January 1, 1801 in Palermo (Italy) is Ceres, which has a diameter of 1,020 km, and Vestas Pallas cpn an approximate diameter de540 km in 1845 discovered five asteroids. Ten years later, and forty asteroids were discovered. With the application of photographic techniques, around 1845, it was discovered 15 asteroids per year, twenty asteroids per year in 1910, forty per year in 1930 ...
The relative velocity reaching these asteroids in the main belt is 5 km / sec. The collisions, when they occur, violent and destructive. Asteroids are thought to have endured more robust than several successive cycles of destruction-reconstruction.

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TAILS OF COMETS

a comet's tail also causes the Sun's first astronomer who realized the importance of the Sun in the development of this phenomenon was Peter Appian, who found that comet tails are always deployed in the direction opposite the sun
often observed in the same comet two different queues: a tail of dust and other so-called ion tail. Dust tails are curved lines, are formed by dust particles torn from the coma by solar radiation pressure and away from the coma. The ionic lines are rectilinear lines (or very weak curvature) caused by social radiation that ionizes the molecules of the coma aquires electric charge, magnetic fields and solar wind drag away from the coma these molecules forming the ion tail.

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THE CLASSIFICATION OF COMETS.

The comets are designated by a nomenclature, ie the name of its discoverer / s (maximum three discoverers), followed by the year of discovery and a lowercase letter indicating the number of order appearance of the comet within the year. When one considers the orbital data of the same, the year is replaced per year of perihelion passage, followed by a roman numeral indicating the order number that step.

For a comet should be visible close to the sun, this causes changes in the kite making it visible to the telescope, if weak, or if it's bright eye. Typical and morphologically

a comet consists of:

1) Nucleo.
2) Eat or hair.
3) tail or tails.

often appear devoid of comet tails, particularly those who have already taken many turns to the sun gradually losing some of its mass. In other cases show a spike or spike on the opposite side to the tail. The most widely accepted among astronomers is that the core is a dirty snowball, assuming that the nucleus of a comet is a ball of ice mixed with dust particles. The dimensions of the core can vary between 1 and 100 km.
When a comet approaches the Sun, solar radiation, evaporation of the ice cream core material. In this evaporation process arising paricular thus forming a dust cloud of gas and dust surrounding the nucleus. This cloud is the comet's coma coma diameter can reach 100,000 km.
The coma is visible through two processes: first, the comet's dust reflects sunlight, on the other hand, the molecules dissociate gas due to solar radiation and become fluorecientes, emitting light.

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THE ORBIT OF COMETS.

Comets can describe three types of orbits:

1) ellipticals.
comets whose orbits are elliptical with periodic character, moving around the Sun, which occupies one focus. As a rule, their eccentricities are large. Some comets have relatively short orbital periods as in the case of comet Encke, with a period of 3.3 years while others have hundreds of years.
Because comets have masses very small gravitational influences of the planets with almost nil. On the contrary, due to the gravitational perturbations of the Sun and some giant planets, Jupiter and Saturn in particular is very common that the comet's orbital period alters, through changes, sometimes dramatic. One of the disturbance is the capture of comets by planets, which can be placed aphelion far beyond Pluto (periodic comets) by transforming them into short-period comets than they did, whose aphelion is within the Solar System. Catch these families originate from comets like Jupiter, made up of more than 60 members whose aphelion is located near the orbit of Jupiter. There are also families of Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.

2) Hyperbolic.

3) Parabolic.

Comets with parabolic and hyperbolic orbits are not periodic since their curves are not cerradas.Luego appear only once emerging from the depths of space, they approach the sun and away from it and disappeared forever.
The orbit of comets have very different angles on the plane of the ecliptic. Guna them to have an inclination greater than 90 ° so that the comets that have moved in a retrograde, such as Halley's comet.

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comets. Formerly

to comets have been related to adverse events, wars, epidemics. The word comet comes from the Greek for "hair", referring to the morphology of these stars.
Currently, the most accepted hypothesis is that made by the astronomer Oort, that there is a vast region of space located between 40,000 and 150,000 AU in which there are 100,000,000,000 cometary nuclei, called the Oort Cloud. Due to sporadic disturbances caused by the next step of some star, some of these nuclei can be propelled into the Solar System. One of them would approach the Sun as hyperbolic or parabolic orbits and move away then disappearing. Other cores, due to the gravitational influence of the Sun and planets like Jupiter and Saturn, would be captured and become periodic elliptical orbits. After completing a large number of orbits and revolutions around the Sun and would have spent their stuff and would eventually disappear by the continuous wear.

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MUTUAL PHENOMENA of the Galilean satellites

Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, currently has 17 satellites. The first four: Io (a satellite with volcanic activity), Europa, Ganymede and Callisto were descubietos by Galileo Galilei. In her honor these four moons are called the Galilean satellites.
The four Galilean satellites can be observed with optical medium, and assessed the following events or details:
1) ECLIPSES: produced when a satellite enters the shadow of Jupiter.
2) Hide: those that are produced by a satellite passing behind the planet Jupiter.
3) STEPS: occur when a satellite is interposed between Jupiter and Earth.
4) STEPS OF SHADOW: are caused by the projection of the shadow of a satellite on the planet.

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apparent position of the outer planets.

outer planets are those located further away from the Sun than the Earth. They are: Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus and Pluto.
When the Earth and outer planet are on opposite sides of the Sun, says that the planet is in conjunction. This is the time when the planet is behind the sun, making it impossible to observe. It is said that an outer planet is in opposition when the planet is at its closest position to Earth, this is visible all night: The Sun sets in the west and the planet rises in the east. As time passes, the planet rises until it sets in the west, more or less at the time the sun will rise in the east.
You can see a planet during the time that is not in opposition. The closer you get less time to their conjunction can be seen in the sky. It is said that an outer planet is in quadrature with the Sun when the angle of the planet Earth and the Sun at a right angle of 90 degrees. You can observe a phase effect on some outer planets.

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COURSE Introduction to Astronomy (32) COURSE A LA

Danjon SCALE

During the eclipse the Moon has a degree of visibility known as the Danjon Scale.
0 = Very dark eclipse, the Moon is almost invisible.
1 = Eclipse, gray or brown. Eclipse
2 = dark red or rusty color, shadow edges clear. Eclipse
3 = brick red, or yellow light shade. Eclipse
4 = very clear, coppery red with blue trim.

eclipsed Moon can stay for 1 hour, 45 minutes maximum, then the Moon out of the shade with a small growing light, will widen to the left of limbo, until the shadow leaves the disk and then the darkness is lifted. The eclipse is over and can last about six hours.